The Effect of Anabolic Steroids Research Paper - 2531 Words

Athletes, whether they are young or old, professional or amateur, are always looking to gain an advantage over their opponents to come away with the win. The desire for an edge exists in all sports, at all levels of play, from peewee wrestling to professional football. Successful athletes rely on skill, practice, and hard work to increase their skills, speed, power, and ability. Today, high school and even middle school students are using steroids illegally. The United Institute of Health reported that 2.9% of twelve graders in high school have used anabolic steroids(Drugs In Sports, 2) These drugs may also have been called: roids, juice, gym candy, pumpers, stackers, balls or bulls, arnies, or anabolics(Anabolic Steroids, 1). Also most†¦show more content†¦Stacking is a method of combining different steroids to take at once, like stacking the drugs on top of each other. This method is believed to make certain steroids work better when they are used together. This also is u sed to help build up tolerance to the steroids (Volkow, 2-3). Steroids have many different effects, mostly negative. They cause the rapid increase of strength and power (Roberts, 2). Steroids help to heal muscles quicker after they have been used. It acts as the male hormone testosterone and gives the user more energy. This is the effect that most users are trying to obtain. They also have the effect of powering up the bodies metabolism and helps to burn body fat. This output is looked for mostly obsess people. With have the time and effort of regular diet and weight training steroids may look like a great quick body tune-up. However the negative effects may short live the positive by a long shot. One of the most common side effects is irritability and aggression. Users may sometimes be unable to control their emotions of mostly anger. This is called roid rage. After use of steroids some users may have to go through behavioral therapy to keep their anger under control. Steroids are illegal in most countries and may be hard to manufacture. If there are made in a country that is illegal they may not have been made in a sterile envirernment. This can cause multiple reactions if taken by either pill orShow MoreRelatedShould Steroids Be Illegal For Athletes?900 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"If steroids are illegal for athletes, then why isn’t photoshop illegal for models?†. Documented steroid usage has increased significantly over the past decade, however this paper contends that with the help of medical research, medical surveys and first hand experience, I will demonstrate steroids are not as hazardous as the general public perceives steroids to be. As steroid use continues to be identified in the news, a growing trend in America and all over the world right now seems to be askingRead MoreEssay about The Use of Anabolic Steroids in Society Today1215 Words   |  5 PagesThe Use of Anabolic Steroids in Society Today The use of steroids in our society today is very common, that is with prescription. But that is not the kind of steroids I am talking about, I am talking about Anabolic Steroids. Anabolic steroids are a very sensitive issue in the world of sports today. Even though the side effects are life threatening, men and woman alike continue to submit their bodies to this illegal drug. Anabolic steroids are taken either through pills or injected directlyRead More The Use of Steroids and Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports1507 Words   |  7 PagesI have chosen to write my paper on the topic of steroids and performance enhancing substances that are used today in sports. In this paper I hope to focus on the steroids and performance enhancing drugs and how they have become a problem in sports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An anabolic steroid is a substance that is related to male sex hormones, known as testosterone. The word â€Å"Anabolic† means muscle building. The word â€Å"steroids† is just referred to as a drug name or a class of drug. Some athletes have made the decisionRead More Steroid Use in Major League Baseball Essay example1596 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Use in Major League Baseball Steroids are unhealthy for baseball players and they are giving the game of baseball a bad reputation. Since steroids have become such a hot topic in Major League Baseball (MLB) fans have had nothing but bad things to say about the sport and its players. When sports illustrated asked some of its readers to give reaction to the steroid controversy in the MLB here is what baseball fan Howard Langsner from New York had to say Horrible, just horrible. We takeRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On Sports779 Words   |  4 Pagesin sports. I have found many topics to talk about and the first one I have chosen to write about is steroids in sports. I wanted to choose this topic because I’m a very athletic person myself and I thought that this topic is perfect for me, I found my research on www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/ and from here this is how I got all my information from. Many athletes now a days are taking steroids, why is that? Is it to make a squad, or impress a member of the opposite sex? There really isn tRead MoreSteroid Use Of Bodybuilding And Steroids889 Words   |  4 PagesSteroid Use in Bodybuilding Chayla Vines Clover Park Technical College Abstract [The abstract should be one paragraph of between 150 and 250 words. It is not indented. Section titles, such as the word Abstract above, are not considered headings so they don’t use bold heading format. Instead, use the Section Title style. This style automatically starts your section on a new page, so you don’t have to add page breaks. Note that all of the styles for this template are available on the Home tabRead More Anabolic Steroids Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pages Steroids Probably one of the biggest stories in the news today is steroids in Major League Baseball. This is one of the reasons that I chose to do my research paper on steroids. I knew that it would not be hard to find information on the issue. I also needed to have a topic that relates to my service learning project. This is helping coach a high school track and field team. And as you will read later, I talk about steroids with high school athletes. I also wanted to improve my knowledge on theRead MoreThe Use Of Steroid Use Used On Recreational Activities910 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of steroids in recreational activities has many consequences on those who take the risk and use steroids. The writer of this paper takes a stand against the use of steroids because of the many negative aspects of them. Steroids have a very great number of physical and mental repercussions. Steroids come in different ways, and each has a different purpose, just as each has a different repercussion. After exa mining this paper, readers should be more informed about the life threatening risksRead MoreShould Sports Doping Be Doping?1578 Words   |  7 Pagesother hand, it can be argued that much more important is another risk: to dispel all myths surrounding the problem of using doping in sport and outline the reality.This paper will deal with operating principle of doping and the consequences of their use, effect and risk on athlete’s health in different sports, and legalization steroids in professional sports. According to English dictionary in 1889 the world â€Å"doping† described originally a mixed remedy containing opium, which was used to â€Å"dope†Read MoreEssay on Steroids: A Growing Role in Society2938 Words   |  12 PagesSteroids: A Growing Role in Society Dear Mr.: Here is my research project on steroids and its effect on society. While conducting my research I have learned that steroids are becoming a serious and dangerous problem in society. I believe that my research project would be a good reference for anyone interested in the science and culture of steroids in America. Some of the topics I covered in my project are topics that have for the most part been ignored by most scholarly works on steroids

Remember The Titans Is A Classic Movie - 1567 Words

Remember the Titans is a classic movie about one African American-populated high school and one Caucasian-populated high school who are forced to integrate into one school/football team in a suburban town in Virginia in 1971. Neither races are obliging to this rash decision being enforced but there was nothing to be done about it. The 70’s were a very difficult time to be a minority especially for African Americans, which is what led to many problems and struggles not only throughout the school, but specifically within the football team. During this time of hatred and segregation, one football team at T.C. Williams High School goes through the struggle of working together with teammates belonging to a different race. Through all of the hardships taken place in the film, the team gradually learns to not define one another because of skin color. Once the disappointing news about the integration of the two schools was struck upon the students, mixed emotions are stirred a bit. Integration in the 1970s is considered a prominent issue in the Caucasian community due to the past generations being raised to believe in segregation. Both races viewed integrations differently; as for the Caucasians this was a disappointment after many years of dominance, however, for the African American community in the United States this was a big accomplishment and stepping stone for the future. In Remember the Titans, the setting is Virginia where conflict amongst races was already eminent.Show MoreRelatedRemember the Titans Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesRemember the Titans is a classic football movie filled with many obstacles. These obstacles vary from racism to dealing with death. It’s based on a true story that took place in Alexandria, Virginia in 1971. What makes this movie classic is how the players and coaches were able to overc ome the issue of segregation and build relationships to form a championship team. Building relationships When the school board announced there will no longer be any form of segregation in schools, the black andRead MoreThe Classic Remember The Titans By Boaz Yakin1092 Words   |  5 PagesBoaz Yakin’s timeless classic ‘Remember The Titans,’ is a story that encompasses and explores many empathetic topics such as friendship, sport, racism, teenagehood, rivalry and leadership. The film is based on a true story about a ruthless high school American football team named ‘The Titans.’ It was set in the American Confederate state, Virginia during 1971†¦ A year which spawned the ruling out of the colour based school segregation system in Virginia and a year which spawned the beginning of aRead MoreRemember the Titans: Reaffirming Gender Expectations Disneys Remember the Titans (2000) depicts1200 Words   |  5 PagesRemember the Titans: Reaffirming Gender Expectations Disneys Remember the Titans (2000) depicts the first season Herman Boone serves as head football coach of the T.C. Williams Titans in Alexandra, Virginia. The beginning of the movie shows how Bill Yoast, a Hall of Fame caliber coach, becomes the assistant coach to Herman Boone when Virginia public schools integrate in the early 1970s. Upon the temporary resolution to those coaching conflicts, the racially divided players and coaches go to footballRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Remember The Titans 1538 Words   |  7 PagesRemember the Titans is a classic movie about one black-populated high school and one white-populated high school who are forced to integrate into one school/football team in a suburban town in Virginia in 1971. Neither races are obliging to this rash decision being enforced but there was nothing to be done about it. The 70’s were a very difficult time to be a minority especially for African Americans, which is what led to many problems and struggles not only throughout the school, but specificallyRead MoreRemember The Titans Film Analysis1176 Words   |  5 Pagesof members of the group that they themselves share, solely based on the reason they associate themselves to a different group. In the film ‘Remember the Titans’, prejudice is portrayed in several ways, but mainly targets the discrimination of the African-Americans. Racism is one form of prejudice that becomes a recurring action seen throughout most of the movie, it doesn’t slow town until the town starts to see how well all their boys play together and eventually win the state championship. RacismRead MoreMarketing: American Broadcasting Company and Disney1398 Words   |  6 Pages1923, the Disney brand has always been synonymous with quality entertainment for the entire family. The company, originally founded by brothers Walt Disney and Roy Disney, stretched the boundaries of entertainment during the 20th century to bring classic and memorable family entertainment around the world. Beginning with simple blackand-white animated cartoons, the company grew into the worldwide phenomenon that today includes theme parks, feature films, television networks, theatre productions, consumerRead MoreHarvey Mason And The Canopus Drums1365 Words   |  6 PagesDrums, Zildjian Cymbals, Toca percussion and Gibraltar Hardware. I do not know what those are but Harvey Mason had to be a great musician to master all those instruments. Since a young age Harvey Mason never had a problem picking up beats. He remembers lying in bed at night, locking into the rolling groove of his mother’s washing machine, fluffing his pillow into a ball and playing along to it with his fingers. Harvey started taking formal drum lessons at age 7, playing in school groups eventuallyRead MoreThe Death Of Cartoon Television Tv Show1544 Words   |  7 PagesAs a long time fan of classic, nostalgia-filled cartoons of the 80’s, 90’s and early 2000’s it’s sad to say the days of Saturday-morning cartoons have been laid to rest. Or rather abruptly terminated would be a better way to put it. The death of cartoon tv TV show blocks has been tucked away in the box of many young children (mainly of the male demographic) right next to infrared peripherals, and chewed up and worn action figures that accommodated them. Though unlike many dying forms of media, theRead MoreClassical Mythology Of The Greek And Roman Soc ietal Views2237 Words   |  9 Pagessocietal views, while neglecting major aspects surrounding his existence in the mythological world. The modern work does make use of Classical Mythology throughout the film. 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Marris Growth Maximisation Model Free Essays

Assignment Set 2 Question 1 What are the principles of management? Answer There are fourteen principles of management laid by Henri Fayol. They are elaborated further below. Division of labour A particular task is divided into several units or segments, each performed by specialists in order to achieve efficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Marris Growth Maximisation Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Authority and responsibility coexist Responsibility must be understood properly in order to achieve command in the business by taking the right decision at the right time for the right purpose. Unity of command There should be single chain of command in the organisational structure which means one person should report to only one boss Unity of direction Managers must be methodical and must approach with a single plan following the single universal approach to achieve goals Equity Management actions must be a combination of fairness, justice and empathy layered with the idea of productivity-based incentives. Order The entire process of productivity must balance on a discrete system which governs on the principles of desired output Discipline Management must elaborate through the entire chain of command the necessary of maintaining norms, rules and guidelines to enhance productivity and harmony in workplace Initiative The workers must find their job interesting so that they are enthusiastic about learning new responsibilities, thus bringing effectiveness. Fairness Various industrial laws and norms are established and governed by the respective legislative bodies to ensure a system of fairness, justice, equality is maintained within the industrial as well as organisational environment. Stability Proper schooling of guidelines, methodologies, and systems involved; creates team spirit, smoothness and enhances productivity. Thus an employee will always adjust himself or herself according to the dynamic reality. Scalar chain A strict and coordinated effort of inflow and outflow of information from top level to the lowest level of organisational hierarchy creates smoothness, review plans and solve problems faster. Subordination of individual interest to general interest Organisation’s interest must be prioritised at all cost because it affect the interest of many stakeholders. Espirit de corps Management must ensure the existence of team spirit, harmony and intense communication and accurate dissemination of information, trust among the employees. Centralisation and decentralisation Authority and power must centralise and decentralise accordingly although decentralisation is the trend nowadays in various existing multinational and national organisations. Question 2 What are the characteristics of leading? Answer The characteristics of leading are * Pervasiveness * Continuity * Human factor * Creativity Executive function * Delegating function Pervasiveness Characteristic of leading is required in all levels of organisation. Leading motivates all the levels in the organisation to coordinate with the CEO (leader). Continuity Leading is a continuous process happens everywhere and at anytime in the organisation. Its importance becomes higher when the organisation is undergoing a change. Human factor Leading directs and controls human factor of complexity and u npredictable nature in more of a disciplined, matured performer regarding fulfilment of rganisational goals and objectives. Creativity Differentiated thoughts and ideas are accumulated and processed through employees enrolled from different strata of the society brings matured creativity in order to project growth and development in the organisation. Executive function Leading implies that the followers execute the functions of organisation, which the leader and the follower agree is important for achieving the organisational goals and through it the individual goals. Delegating function Delegating is natural fallout of leading. It also follows that the leader trusts his or her followers and vice-versa. Mutual trust is the most important in leading and delegation is largely based on that. Question 3 Briefly explain the four main approaches to organisational behaviour. Answer The main approaches to organisational behaviour are: * Human resource approach * Contingency approach * Productivity approach * Systems approach Human resource approach The organisation is for the people, by the people and with people. Humans are the integrated part of the organisation. Therefore growth and development is only possible when human resource are developed both internally and externally. Contingency approach Situation analysis is the vital part of the behavioural practices of organisation. Significant analysis of each situation prior to action helps to use all the current knowledge about people in the organisation in the most appropriate manner. Productivity approach Output per unit input is considered. Besides, economic inputs and outputs, we need to have human and social inputs and outputs in workplace, is the premise of this approach Systems approach The systems view emphasizes the interdependence of people, technology, and socio-economic structure of organisation serves as a basis for co-ordinating activities to function as a whole effectively. Question 4 Explain the five major leadership styles as per the Managerial Grid Theory Answer The Managerial Grid Theory or also known as the Blake Mouton Framework builds on the Ohio and Michigan studies and creates a relative position that a leader prefers to take in most situations and thereby identifies his or her predominant style. The five major leadership styles are: * Impoverished leadership Country club leadership * Produce or perish leadership * Middle-of-the-road leadership * Team leadership Impoverished leadership It is the most haphazard, uncoordinated, reluctant, de-motivated style of leadership. It generates zero creativity, immense dissatisfaction and disharmony among employees. They have neither a high regard for creating systems for getting the job done nor for creating a work environment that is satisfying and motivating (low production/low people) Country club leadership It is mostly concerned about the needs and feelings of the members of the team. The main objective is making everyone happy instead of being focussed on the objectives and achieving results. A very relaxed environment exists but without direction and control (high people/low production). Produce or perish leadership Leaders believe that followers are simply a means to an end. They are generally strict and autocratic in nature. They believe frequent punishments can bring productivity and motivation in employees. (high production/low people) Middle of the road leadership Leaders settle for average performance and often believe that this is the most anyone can expect. In this case, neither production nor people needs are fully met. (medium production/medium people) Team leadership Leaders stress on needs related to production, quality and people with equal importance, because they believe that each of them are the stakeholders of the organisation. This creates a team environment based on trust, and respect which leads to high satisfaction and motivation, resulting high production. (high production/high people) Question 5 List some of the commonly found perceptual biases. Answer The commonly found perceptual biases are as follows: Fundamental attribution error * Self serving bias * Selective perception * Halo effect * Contrasts effects * Projection * Stereotyping * Primacy(first-impression) effect * Recency effect * Self-fulfilling prophecy * Pygmalion effect * Golem effect Fundamental attribution error Tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the internal factors Self serving bias Tendency of people to attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors, is known as self-serving biased perception Selective perception Sometimes a person, or an object or an event stands out from the action. Faulty evaluation follows after the action based on this selective perception. Halo effect Previous success creates a halo in our mind so that every time the same person, object or event returns, expectation remains premium about reproducing similar or better outcome. If the results fail to impress we generate biased judgements and attribute it to some outside factors rather to accept the inabilities. Contrast effects. Individuals do not evaluate a person in isolation. There is always a tendency of comparison which depicts high contrast in values and actual actions of the organisation, generating various prejudices. Projection We tend to feel and see that others are like us, and taking decisions on the premise that others want what we want, such perception is called projection. Stereotyping Judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which the person belongs is defined as stereotyping. It simplifies the complex world. But when we inaccurately stereotype, various mistakes and misunderstandings cloud the right perception. Primacy effect First impression-lasting effect theory, the tendency to form lasting opinions about an individual based on the initial perceptions. This error is generally found formal interview sessions. Recency effect When we summarise a series of action taken by a person recently and decide its effectiveness in reality, we perceive with recency effect. Self-fulfilling prophecy It is a tendency for someone’s expectations about another to cause that person to behave in a manner consistent with those expectations. It can of two types * Pygmalion effect- manager has high expectations of his employee and therefore grades him as the topper although the facts indicate otherwise * Golem effect- the same manager evaluates his top performer as third, because his expectation from him is not high although the facts indicate otherwise Question 6 Suppose you are the Team Manager in a multinational company with team strength of 12 members. You are given the responsibility of ensuring that the team gives excellent performance or results. What are the key issues you have to handle in team building? Answer The key issues needed to handle while building a proper team are: * having clear expectations and context * commitment * team design and competence * charter of performance * control and coordination * collaboration * communication * consequences * creative innovation * cultural change Having clear expectations and context The team should get sufficient resources like people, time and money. The team need to understand the role and importance of their work and their strategic existence. Commitment All team members must oath in sincerity and recognised contribution in order have growth and development. They should enthusiastic, excited and challenged by the opportunity. Team design and competence There should continuous evaluation of the structure and reason of existence so that competencies are evolved and used to achieve results faster and in superior quality. Charter of performance The team must define its goals, the outcomes, the timelines, measuring success, and the process to accomplish tasks. Equally , the support of the top management is the precondition Control and coordination The team should have sufficient freedom and mechanism for self regulation and coordination. The top management must ensure the existence of such team spirit, address the challenges through incentives and motivation. Collaboration The team goals should be a collaborative one, and should establish norms so that collaboration becomes easy and effective. Communication The members must continuously communicate among themselves because it is the mother of all issues that is needed to be solved immediately as soon as the team formation occurs. Consequences Team members must be accountable and should feel responsible for the achievement and they should inherently get the idea of consequences of not achieving it. Creative innovation The team must continuously innovate with the freedom of creativity in order to sustain for long run. Cultural change Teams need flat organisational structure, rewards and recognition and training and development of a high order. Traditional companies are not designed for effective team operation. Acknowledgement I would like to thank our honourable lecturers Mr. Indranil Bhattacharya and Miss Sumita Haldar for extensive cooperation and support in order to establish focused effort in completion of the assignment successfully. I would also like to thank my mates and Sikkim Manipal University for extensive cooperation and support. How to cite Marris Growth Maximisation Model, Essay examples

Child Development for Social and Emotional Skills- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theChild Development for Social and Emotional Skills. Answer: Although each child is unique, and the physical and cognitive development of any child is expected to be different from the rest, there are certain milestones that are required to be accomplished by a toddler, regardless of his age and his nature. The first milestone is his physical development, as by the time, a toddler turns two years, he must be able to walk on his feet. More importantly, he can also engage himself in more flexible activities, such as he can walk up and down the stair, exert some force and kick a ball, and go down the slide as well. His social skills are developed by the time he turns 1 and a half years old, and he can understand more than he can utter words. As a toddler, he can speak at least several single words, even though some are less distinct than others. The social skills of the child also develop, and yet his ability to choose a partner to engage with or to interact with, is limited (Ortega, 2006). He cannot independently choose whom to interact with, an d often looks up other people to learn about social preferences. As far as his cognitive development is concerned, he may lack concentration, but he develops memory. As a result, he must be able to pick up a few words and use them later. It is highly important for the early child educators to have sufficient knowledge regarding the milestones in the toddler development, as this will help them understand if the child has achieved the milestones or is he lagging behind in terms of his social and cognitive development. This will help them to understand what to be expected out of a toddler in terms of his skills and abilities, and in case he lags behind, which steps shall help in his development. For instance, in case a child educator finds that a toddler is not exhibiting the expected cognitive development as the rest of his age, he may design new activities for him, or send him for counselling. As far as the physical development of a child is concerned, several factors such as heredity, nutrition level of the food offered, health of the mother in her prenatal period, as well as the socio-economic status of the toddlers play an important role in determining their physical development (Hamlin et al., 2007). On the other hand, as far as the emotional development of a child is concerned, factors involved affecting the same include family structure, the level of engagement of the parents with the children, family relations, the nature of play activities the child is engaged in, and the intelligence level of the child. In order to gather necessary and relevant information required for understanding the physical and cognitive development of the toddler, questions to be asked to the parent are as follows: Is the average height or average weight of the immediate as well as the extended family members of the child average or below average? What kind of food does the child eat at his age, and how many times a day is he fed? Has the child in the recent past suffered from any infectious disease that may have impeded his growth for a temporary period? How often is the toddler allowed to play outside? How many members in the family are employed? Who does the toddler spend his time with? How often do the parents engage and interact with the child in a day? Do DHA, protein and essential minerals, along with supplementary food form an important part of the diet of the child? Does the child engage in pretend play activities? Who does the child spend most of his time with? However, I would refrain from asking a few questions to the parents as well. For instance, a child educator should not bluntly ask if the child is coming from a dysfunctional family or not, or what exactly is the cultural belief of the parents. Although a dysfunctional family can affect the emotional and social skill development of a child or his parents ethnic norms may lead to insufficient and unscientific nutrition, asking these questions may harm the sentiments and dignity of the parents (Berger, 2003). Similarly, asking the income level of the parent can be a better option than asking the exact amount of family income. The child educator must report to the parents as soon as he identifies signs of developmental delay in the toddlers. These signs may involve difficulty of the child in receptive language, or with expressive language, his inability to vocalize even when provoked, or does not interact much with his play mates. Other signs may include he does not engage in symbolic play, he cannot hold a pen or turn the page of a book, or he walks on toes only (Bittles et al., 2006). On noticing these signs of developmental delay, the child educator should approach the parents and inform them about these (Commonwealth of Australia, 2012). However, this may cause parental panic and anxiety, and hence it is recommended that the educator investigates the case history of the child well, before communicating it to the parents. For example, a premature child may exhibit slower development than a normal child. The child development theorists that I would think to include in my dream team are as follows: Jean Piaget for his Psychosocial theory of Development as he is the first theorist to explain the role child-society interaction plays in determining effective socio-cognitive development of a child. JohnWatson and B.F Skinner for their Behaviourist theory of Development as these two theorists for the first time stated that the environment in which a child grows up, plays a far more important role in determining his growth and development rather than his heredity. Next, I would choose Uri Bronfenbrenner for his Ecological theory of Child Development. This is because he stated that only nature (heredity factors) cannot facilitate effective growth of a child, and similarly, nor can only nurture (learning environment and parental assistance) lead to proper cognitive and social development of a child. The collaboration of both can only facilitate desirable growth of a child. Albert Bandura, the founder of the Social Learning Theory of Development will also be there in my list, as he emphasized the importance of parental involvement in the development of a child. His theory stated that a child considerably learns from the actions of his role models- parents, and hence child-parent interaction is absolutely mandatory. Reference List: Berger, K. S. (2003).The developing person through childhood and adolescence. Macmillan. Bittles, A., Bower, C., Hussain, R., Glasson, E. (2006). The four ages of Down syndrome. European Journal of Public Health, 17(2), 221225. Retrieved from: https://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/2/221.long. Commonwealth of Australia. (2012). KidsMatter Australian Early Childhood Mental Health Initiative: Literature review, component 2: Developing childrens social and emotional skills. Retrieved from:https://www.kidsmatter.edu.au/sites/default/files/public/C2%20Literature%20Review%20Published.docx Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., Bloom, P. (2007). Social evaluation by preverbal infants.Nature,450(7169), 557-559. Virus-Ortega, J. (2006). The case against BF Skinner 45 years later: An encounter with N. Chomsky.The Behavior Analyst,29(2), 243-251.